Method for Forming High Efficiency Geothermal Wellbores

ABSTRACT

Wellbore synthesis techniques are disclosed suitable for use in geothermal applications. Embodiments are provided where open hole drilled wellbores are sealed while drilling to form an impervious layer at the wellbore/formation interface. The techniques may be chemical, thermal, mechanical, biological and are fully intended to irreversibly damage the formation in terms of the permeability thereof. With the permeability negated, the wellbore may be used to create a closed loop surface to surface geothermal well operable in the absence of well casing for maximizing thermal transfer to a circulating working fluid. Formulations for the working and drilling fluids are disclosed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to geothermal wellbore creation and more particularly, the present invention relates to methods for modifying the permeability of a given formation for creating high efficiency geothermal wellbores with improved thermal and mechanical characteristics additionally with working fluid formulations.

BACKGROUND ART

Geothermal energy recovery is an attractive method of capturing energy and has obvious environmental appeal considering the renewability aspect.

The prior art has focused on numerous issues in respect of permeability, well geometries, working fluids, multilateral well configuration and power production. Examples of attempts to ameliorate these issues will be discussed in turn.

Initially, in respect of formation damage, Badalyan et al. in Laboratory Study on Formation Damage in Geothermal Reservoirs Due to Fines Migration, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 Apr. 2015, teach:

-   -   “Here we present a new method to assess formation damage in         geothermal reservoirs. It is long known that formation damage is         caused by mobilisation, migration and straining of natural         reservoir fines . . . . Velocity-induced fines migration is         responsible for a non-significant reduction of rock permeability         leading to initialformation damage. Following low-ionic strength         water injection increases electrostatic repulsion force between         clay particles and sand surface, further mobilizes particle         resulting information damage. Mobilised fines with mixed-layer         illite/chlorite mineralogy are responsible for rock permeability         reduction due to pore-throats clogging.”     -   Fines migration is one of the most widely spread physics         mechanisms offormation damage in oil and gas wells. Numerous         recent publications report well impairment by fines migration in         geothermalfields. [Emphasis mine]

In Mechanisms of Formation Damage in Matrix Permeability Geothermal Wells Conference: International Geothermal Drilling and Completions Technology Conference, Albuquerque, N.M., USA, 21 Jan. 1981, Bergosh et al. indicate in an abstract of their presentation:

-   -   “Matrix permeability geothermal formations are subject to damage         during well drilling and completion. Near well bore permeability         impairment that may occur as a result of particulate invasion,         and chemical interaction between formation clays, drilling mud         filtrates and formation brines is investigated. Testing of         various filtration chemistries on the permeability of East Mesa         sandstone indicates that permeability is significantly impaired         by the flow of low salinity formation brines. This damage is         attributed to cation exchange and removal processes which alter         the stability of clay structures. Fluid shearing dislodges         particles, which clog pore throats, irreversibly reducing         permeability. The test program investigating the effects of         mud-transported particles on geothermalformations is still in         progress. The rationale, apparatus and test procedures are         described. Final results of this testing will be presented at         the conference.” [Emphasis mine]

Clearly, the loss of permeability in these geothermal environments has significant impact on the production of the wellbore and concomitant energy recovery.

Tchistiakov, in Physico-Chemical Aspects of Clay Migration and Injectivity Decrease of Geothermal Clastic Reservoirs, Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan, May 28-Jun. 10, 2000, states in his summary:

-   -   “The permeability damage potential can be evaluated only via         broad-minded and interdisciplinary thinking, rather than through         automatic application of mathematical equations and laboratory         test results. We are convinced that better understanding of the         fundamental physico-chemical principles of clay particle         stability and transport in porous media will help the reservoir         specialists to develop better techniques and apply more         effective existing ones for preventing in-situ clay induced         formation damage of geothermal reservoirs.”

The paper establishes the clay damage to permeability of the drilled well.

Barrios et al, at the Short Course on Geothermal Development and Geothermal Wells, organized by UNU-GTP and LaGeo, in Santa Tecla, El Salvador, Mar. 11-17, 2012, Acid Stimulation of Geothermal Reservoirs. In the presentation, the authors indicate:

-   -   “Both injection and production wells can be clogged, reducing         their production capacity and injectivity below their existing         potential. The main reasons for these obstructions may be:     -   Invasion of drilling fluids (mainly bentonite mud) inside the         micro fractures of the reservoir; Entry of rock fragments or         cuttings, during the drilling process while encountering a total         loss circulation; Entry of great amounts of Total Dissolved         Solids; Reinjection water with high silica scaling potential;         Formation of fine-grained solids displaced by clay migration;         Entry of amorphous silica fragments from the reinjection         pipelines due to the cooling and heating processes s after         maintenance; Calcite scaling in the perforated liner and/or         production casing. The key to ensure a continuous flow for power         generation is to control all the possible causes of obstruction.         It is a well-known fact that the geothermal industry has been         using similar technology and practices of the oil industry for         the last 50 years. Since oil and gas wells show analogies with         regards to scaling problems and mud damage, similar techniques         may be applied to prevent permeability problems in order to         improve infectivity and productivity capacity in geothermal         wells. A cost-effective and widely used solution is the         application of acids to dissolve scales and obstruction produced         by solids.”

You et al. in New Laboratory Method to Assess Formation Damage in Geothermal Wells, SPE European Formation Damage Conference and Exhibition, 3-5 June, Budapest, Hungary 2015 presented a paper, the abstract of which states:

-   -   “The new method to assess permeability damage in geothermal         reservoirs and predict well productivity decline is presented.         The laboratory methodology developed aims to determine         permeability decline from mobilisation, migration and straining         of natural reservoir fines. Laboratory coreflood testing with         constant and stepwise decreasing ionic strength has been         performed with measurements of the pressure drop along the core         and accumulated effluent particle concentration. Stabilisation         of rock permeability occurs after injection of numerous pore         volumes, suggesting slow drift of mobilised particles if         compared with the carrier water velocity. Low ionic strength         water increases electrostatic repulsion forces between clay         particles and sand grain surfaces, further mobilising particles         and resulting information damage. Kaolinite and illite/chlorite         mixed layer clay minerals are identified by SEM-EDAX analysis         and are the minerals primarily responsible for the permeability         damage. The competitive effects of decreasing water viscosity         and weakening electrostatic attraction on the attached particle         concentration during temperature increase have been observed.         The micro-modeling of the fine particle mechanical equilibrium         shows that the water viscosity effect on the fine particle         attachment dominates. It results in decreased fines detachment         and permeability decline at high temperatures.”

Turning to drilling fluids, numerous advances have been made in the formulations to mitigate wellbore consolidation issues, permeation, sealing inter alia. These are also related to the discussion above regarding formation damage.

In U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,036, issued May 9, 2000, Chatterji et. al. provide methods and compositions for sealing subterranean zones. Generally, the text indicates:

-   -   “The present invention provides improved methods and         compositions for sealing subterranean zones and terminating the         loss of drilling fluid, crossflows and/or underground blow-outs.         The methods of the present invention for sealing a subterranean         zone basically comprise the steps of preparing a viscous set         delayed sealing composition of this invention, placing the         sealing composition in a subterranean zone to be sealed and         allowing the sealing composition to set into a rigid sealing         mass therein.     -   The sealing compositions of this invention are basically         comprised of an aqueous alkali metal silicate solution, a         gelling agent for increasing the viscosity of the solution and a         delayed activator for polymerizing or cross-linking the alkali         metal silicate and causing the sealing composition to set into a         rigid sealing mass.     -   As mentioned above, in applications involving a need for a low         density sealing composition or where a large cavernous         subterranean zone is encountered which must be sealed, the         sealing composition can be foamed to form an energized and         expanding sealing composition. The non-foamed and foamed         compositions can also include extending and/or bridging agents         to facilitate filling and sealing a zone.”

The document is useful to demonstrate the effectiveness of alkali metal silicate compositions for fluid loss prevention and general wellbore sealing.

Ballard, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,740,068, issued Jun. 22, 2010, discloses silicate-based wellbore fluid and methods for stabilizing unconsolidated formations. It is stated in the text that:

-   -   “Advantageously, embodiments of the present disclosure may         provide for treatment fluids or pills that may be used to         stabilize unconsolidated or weakly consolidated regions of a         formation. Using solid or particulate silicate precipitating         agents may allow for a slower reaction or gelation time between         the silicate and the silicate precipitating agents. A slower         reaction time may allow the gel components, the silicate and the         silicate precipitating agent, to more fully permeate the         unconsolidated formation prior to gelation. Additionally, by         providing silicate precipitating agent as a solid particulate         matter on a micron or sub-micron scale, the silicate         precipitating agent may experience less hindrance in permeating         the formation.”

This document is useful to substantiate that silicate compounds have utility in stabilizing a formation.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,822,386, issued to Quintero et al., Sep. 2, 2014, provides Nanofluids and methods of use for drilling and completion fluids. This document further adds to the body of work relating to drilling fluids and teaches the usefulness of such fluids during drilling. The text provides further detail in this regard.

-   -   “In one non-limiting example a drilling fluid containing         nanoparticles is expected to be useful to stabilize the wellbore         during drilling, particularly the shale regions encountered         during drilling which may contain areas tend to slough into the         borehole or have clays which undesirably swell when contacted         with water introduced as part of the drilling fluid. Such a         drilling fluid may be an aqueous-based fluid such as a WBM, a         non-aqueous based fluid such as an OBM or SBM, or a combination         thereof, namely an emulsion. A surfactant may be present in an         amount effective to suspend the nanoparticles in the fluid.         Nanoparticles expected to be useful in such shale stabilizing         fluids are those which contain functionalities that associate         with the shale and help keep it in its original condition or as         close to its original condition as possible, that is strengthen         the borehole wall. Nanoparticles having a surface charge may         assist with this shale stabilization, such as carbon nanotubes.         Further, the small size of the nanoparticles permits them         excellent access to the shale matrix to inhibit both the         external and internal surfaces of clays to minimize damage to         the structure of the shale.”

Use of high ratio aqueous alkali silicates in drilling fluids is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,212,304, issued to McDonald, Dec. 15, 2015. The teachings provide further evidence as to the utility of such compositions as used in the oil and gas industry. The document indicates:

-   -   “The present invention provides a method for wellbore         stabilization in the drilling of wells for conventional and         unconventional energy sources, these include but are not limited         to conventional oil and gas wells, shale gas and “tar sands”.         The method provides for a drilling fluid that can among other         things, reacts with shale to prevent hydration and dispersion,         seal microfractures, prevent shale delamination, prevent bitumen         accretion, allow the drilling of depleted zones.     -   This invention uses larger, more complex polysilicate anions         found in aqueous, high ratio alkali silicates. These high ratio         aqueous silicates are beyond the ratio of traditional,         commercially available silicates. These polysilicate anions         facilitates quicker precipitation and polymerization reactions         compared to standard ratio aqueous silicates. The higher ratio         results in a silicate with lower salinity making for a more         environmentally friendly drilling fluid High ratio, aqueous         alkali silicate can be added to the drillingfluid at a wide         range of concentrations to achieve the necessary wellbore         stabilization. Soluble silica level in the drilling fluid can         range from 0.25% to about 6% by weight of the drilling fluid.         The pH of the drilling fluid is preferably maintained above pH         10.”

Stephen Bauer et al, in High Temperature Plug Formation with Silicates, presented at the Thirtieth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., Jan. 31-Feb. 2, 2005, disclose a method for temporary plugging of specific lost circulation zones, which are commonly encountered during drilling operations in oil, gas, and geothermal industries. “This work describes a chemical solution of exploiting silicates' unique gelling properties in an environmentally friendly and cost-effective way to form plugs for use in water shutoff strategy, steam flooding, and high-temperature grouting/plugging for lost circulation.” The paper does not contemplate formulation and application of a silicate-based drilling fluid to seal wellbores and multilateral junctions to form a closed-loop geothermal system.

Halliburton Energy Services, in PCT filing WO 03/106585, describes a method for forming chemical casing “A well bore is drilled with a drilling fluid having a pH in the range of from about 6 to about 10 and comprised of water, a polymeric cationic catalyst capable of accepting and donating protons which is adsorbed on the unconsolidated clays, shales, sandstone and the like, a water soluble or dispersible polymer which is cross-linkable by a thermoset resin and caused the resin to be hard and tough when cured and a water soluble or dispersible thermoset resin which cross-links the polymer, is catalysed and cured by the catalyst and consolidates the weak zones or formations so that sloughing is prevented.”

The document does not contemplate formulation and application of the drilling fluid to seal wellbores and multilateral junction's to form a closed-loop geothermal system, nor consider the maintenance of the seal over a typical lifecycle of a geothermal system of 50 years or more.

Another example in the multilateral art is seen in Halliburton Energy Services, U.S. Pat. No. 9,512,705, which teaches a mechanical multilateral wellbore junction to isolate several horizontal wells from the surrounding rock. Complex and expensive mechanical or cemented junctions requiring multiple installation steps are typical in the volumes of prior art. These multiple installation steps necessitate interruptions in forward drilling operations such as bringing the drill bit and bottomhole assembly to surface or waiting on cement.

Another drawback of prior art multilateral junctions is the reduction of the inner diameter of the wellbore, which vastly complicates the drilling of subsequent multilaterals, and can require larger vertical well and mother bore diameters.

Regarding the general well geometries and power/electricity generation aspects of the prior art, Half, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,894, issued Oct. 16, 2001, teaches a geothermal plant based on a closed-loop subsurface heat exchanger. The patent is focused on benefits related to generator location, water conservation and purity and efficiency with multiple loops. The disclosure is silent on techniques to efficiently create the closed-loop wellbore without using casing.

United States Patent Publication, 20110048005, McHargue, published Mar. 3, 2001, teaches a closed loop geothermal system. “The novel approach is to circulate fluid or gas, here referred to as production fluid, through subterranean hot rock formations via a continuous subterranean pipeline formed by cementing continuous pipe along the path made by the intersection of two or more separate bore holes.”

The disclosure is silent on techniques to efficiently create the closed-loop wellbore without using casing.

Greenfire Energy Inc., in PCT/US/2016/019612, provide, Geothermal Heat Recovery from High-Temperature, Low-Permeability Geologic Formations for Power Generation Using Closed Loop Systems. The text of the case states:

-   -   “A method or apparatus that uses afluid in a closed loop well         system to extract heat from geothermal resources that are         located in or near high-temperature, low-permeable geologic         formations to produce power. In some embodiments, the closed         loop system may include one or more heat exchange zones, where         at least a portion of the one or more heat exchange zones may be         disposed within a subterranean region having a temperature of at         least 350° C. The subterranean region may be within a plastic         zone or within 1000 meters of the plastic zone, the plastic zone         having a temperature gradient of at least 80° C. per kilometer         depth.     -   According to some embodiments, methods for producing geothermal         energy described herein may include portions of wells that are         not cased with metal pipe but, instead, the walls of such         portions may be formation rock that has been sealed with         hardened sealant and the well wall in such portions being         defined by the boundary of such hardened sealant which, in some         embodiments, will cause the diameter of the well in such         portions to be larger, and in some cases much larger, than in         the metal cased portion of such wells.     -   Following emplacement of the closed loop heat exchange system, a         fluid may be circulated through the closed loop geothermal heat         exchange system to heat the fluid and to produce energy with the         heated fluid. For example, the energy extracted from the         subterranean formation may be converted to heat, electricity, or         other usable forms of energy as known to those skilled in the         art.     -   In addition to determining a temperature profile and the heat         replenishment profile, methods according to embodiments herein         may further estimate a long term viability of aformation for         producing geothermal energy based upon the temperature profile         and the heat replenishment profile. Such an analysis may be         performed by simulating performance of a well as a function of         time, taking into account such variables as temperature, heat         flux, plastic deformation of the formation proximate the well         over time, and other factors, to estimate the changes in energy         extraction and energy conversion efficiencies of the system over         time. Such an analysis may also be performed to compare various         portions of a given formation to determine one or more suitable         locations for disposal of the heat exchange loop.     -   As described above, embodiments disclosed herein relate to         apparatus and methods for extracting heat from high temperature         impermeable geological formations, lacking in fractures or         porosity either naturally occurring or through stimulation.         Contrary to prior teachings and the consensus indicating some         degree of permeability, and hence convection, is required for         effective heat transfer and power production, the present         inventors have found that hot impermeable rock may provide an         efficient and sustainable resource for extracting geothermal         energy to produce electricity, for example.     -   A closed loop geothermal heat exchange system may then be         disposed within the subterranean formation based on the         determined temperature profile and the determined heat         replenishment profile of the subterranean formation. Emplacement         of the closed loop geothermal heat exchange system may include         drilling, casing, perforating, cementing, expanding uncased well         walls with fractures, sealing uncased well walls and other steps         associated with a drilling process and emplacement of a well         loop therein as known to one skilled in the art. The emplacing         may include, in some embodiments, disposing a heat exchange zone         of the closed loop well system within a plastic zone or a         brittle-ductile transition zone of the formation. In some         embodiments, the emplacing may include or additionally include         disposing a heat exchange zone of the closed loop well system         within a brittle zone of the formation, as well as stimulating         the brittle zone proximate the heat exchange zone.”

It is stated, supra, “Emplacement of the closed loop geothermal heat exchange system may include drilling, casing, perforating, cementing, expanding uncased well walls with fractures, sealing uncased well walls and other steps associated with a drilling process.”

No teachings regarding the methods, sequence, chemistry or technology is disclosed regarding sealing lengths of open hole wellbore without casing, maintaining the seal over time, and maintaining wellbore integrity.

Mortensen, in Hot Dry Rock: A New Geothermal Energy Source, Energy, Volume 3, Issue 5, October 1978, Pages 639-644, teaches in an abstract of her article, the following:

-   -   “A project being conducted by the Los Alamos Scientific         Laboratory is attempting to demonstrate the technical and         economic feasibility of extracting energy from the hot, dry rock         geothermal resource. The system being tested is composed of two         deep boreholes drilled into hot, impermeable rock and connected         by a hydraulically produced fracture. In September 1977, the         circulation loop was closed for the first time and water was         circulated through the downhole reservoir and through a pair of         10-MW (thermal) heat exchangers. A series of long-term         experiments is planned for 1978 in order to evaluate the         thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of the energy         extraction system.”

Building on the exploitation of geothermal energy harvesting, Sonju et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 10,260,778, issued Apr. 16, 2019, claim:

-   -   “A method for establishing a geothermal energy plant for         extracting thermal energy from a hot dry rock formation with low         porosity wherein a combined supply and return hole (22) is         drilled to a first predetermined depth, then a hole is drilled         to a second predetermined depth forming a lower part (22′) of         the combined supply and return hole, wherein a first manifold         zone (8) is defined at said second predetermined depth, the         lower part (22′) of the combined supply and return hole is         extended by drilling with the same or a smaller diameter hole         (1) to a maximum depth wherein a second manifold zone (9) is         defined, whereby one or more production hole(s) (P) is/are         drilled to form a closed loop between the first manifold zone         (8) and the second manifold zone (9) in which a working fluid         can be circulated, wherein a pipe (5) is positioned in the         combined supply and return hole (22, 22′) and a seal (66) being         installed between said first and second manfold zones (8, 9)         sealing the annulus space (20) between the lower part of the         combined supply and return hole (22′) and the pipe (5) to         separate the supply and return flow.”

In light of the prior art, there remains a need for a method of extracting heat from a geological formation which can be rendered suitable in terms of wellbore sealing and maintenance, closed circuit/loop geometries and multilateral efficiencies for geothermal applications which is not limited by rock type, permeability inter alia.

The technology of the present invention addresses the imperfections in a variety of technology areas and uniquely consolidates methodologies for establishing a new direction in the geothermal industry.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One object of the present invention is to provide significant improvements to wellbore formation technology generally and in the realm of geothermal energy recovery.

Another object of one embodiment, is to provide a method for drilling a wellbore into a formation suitable for geothermal heat recovery, comprising:

-   -   inducing irreversible formation damage to said wellbore while         drilling said wellbore using at least one of a thermal         mechanism, mechanical mechanism, chemical mechanism and         biological mechanism; and     -   forming an interface between said wellbore and said formation         substantially impermeable to fluids.

The use of formation damaging techniques is counter-intuitive in the wellbore formation art and particularly in the geothermal art reliant on fluid migration through porosity, fissures cracks, etc. The present technology has as a first step, mechanisms to seal the fissures, cracks and other areas within the formation facilitating fluid migration.

The methodology employs destructive techniques to reduce permeability of the well walls to the point that only conductive heat transfer from the surrounding rock in the formation transfers the heat into the working fluid designed to recover the transferred heat.

Immediate benefit evolves from this technique, namely reduced or complete lack of use of casings and junctions. This one feature results in enormous savings in the drilling process, the latter comprising the majority of the cost associated with geothermal exploitation.

In respect of another object of one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a method for forming a well with an inlet well and an outlet well in a formation suitable for geothermal heat recovery, comprising:

-   -   inducing irreversible formation damage to wellbore extending         between the inlet well and the outlet well while drilling the         wellbore using a chemical mechanism to form an interface between         the wellbore and said formation substantially impermeable to         fluids;     -   circulating a chemical composition within the wellbore capable         of inducing precipitate formation with the interface to augment         the sealing capacity and mechanical integrity of the interface;         and     -   circulating a working fluid within the sealed wellbore         containing an interface maintenance additive for maintaining         impermeability during circulation of the working fluid within         the well.

Through the innovative selection of chemical compounds and treatment sequencing, an impermeable interface between the wellbore and the surrounding formation is synthesized. The result is a lined, self healing wellbore which, when integrated into a true surface to surface closed loop circuit, provides an exceptional alternative to fracking based geothermal operations and those relying on casing throughout the circuit.

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a plethora of chemical compositions may be used to effect the synthesis of the interface. To this end, those compounds in the drilling fluid which precipitate with the rock surrounding the wellbore may be used. For the second treatment, any suitable compound may be used which reacts with any unprecipitated composition remaining after the first treatment may be used. Finally, the working fluid for circulation through the loop may be selected to further react with any fissures, cracks, anomalies, etc. that develop over time in the interface.

The working fluid is selected to optimize the thermodynamic performance of the geothermal system and to augment the mechanical integrity of the wellbore. Additional treatment operations of the wellbore can be employed to achieve this subsequent to drilling.

The wells formed using the technology herein can be rendered suitable for closed-loop geothermal purposes in one operation as opposed to the multiple steps required with existing techniques. Clearly with a reduction in the number of unit operations, there is an accompanying economic benefit. This is a major feature of the instant technology which elevates it far above the presently employed methods.

From an operations standpoint, irregular or changing conditions during the drilling process may be dealt with expeditiously as they evolve. This is another significant feature of the technology, namely adaptability and flexibility. Since the methodology is predicated upon destructive techniques to form the well in the formation, which techniques interfere with the prior art techniques, this technology initiates the worst case scenario to render a formation, regardless of permeability or geology, suitable as a closed-loop geothermal system.

Regarding an alternative, it is another object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a method of forming a well within a geothermal formation for energy recovery, comprising:

-   -   drilling an open hole wellbore into a geothermal formation;     -   introducing reactive chemical compositions into the wellbore for         reaction to form a fluid impervious interface between the         wellbore and the formation, the interface including unreacted         reactive chemical compositions; and     -   introducing a working fluid into the wellbore capable of         reacting with the unreacted reactive chemical compositions for         further formation of the interface.

Since there is effectively a reserve of unreacted reactive composition, the wellbore can self heal in the event of any sealing issue at the interface. Accordingly, the working fluid not only extracts thermal energy from the formation for maximum operating efficiency, but further ensures seal integrity combined with low maintenance.

In furtherance to the clear environmentally responsible methods set forth herein, another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method for remediating a wellbore including fractured sections created by fracturing techniques within an earth formation, comprising:

-   -   treating wellbore and the fractured sections pore space with a         first chemical composition capable of forming a precipitated         impervious interface at the sections; and     -   treating the interface with a second chemical composition for         precipitating any unreacted first chemical composition to         further seal the interface.

The sealing technologies herein make the remediation possible as well as conversion of existing geothermal operations predicated on fracking.

As such, another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method for converting an open geothermal system having at least one of fractures, unconsolidated rock and sand, an inlet well and an outlet well in fluid communication, to a closed loop geothermal well, comprising:

-   -   introducing a first chemical composition capable of forming a         precipitated impervious interface between said inlet well and         said outlet well and in said at least one of fractures,         unconsolidated rock and sand whereby a closed sealed loop is         formed with said at least one of fractures, unconsolidated rock         and sand, inlet well, the outlet well, and the area there         between; and     -   treating said interface with a second chemical composition for         precipitating any unreacted first chemical composition to         further seal said interface.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graphical representation filtrate volume as a function of the square root of time for various fluid formulations;

FIG. 2 is graphical representation of differential pressure and permeability data as a function of time for the chemical sealing core flood test delineated in Example 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross section illustration of a well sealed without casing in the lateral section between the inlet well and outlet well;

FIG. 4 is a similar view to that of FIG. 3 illustrating a casing string segment in the lateral section and the relationship with the sealant therewith;

FIG. 5 is a similar view to that of FIG. 4 illustrating a sealed wellbore arrangement in a negligible permeability formation with fissures;

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a multilateral arrangement of lateral interconnecting well segments;

FIG. 7 is an enlarged schematic illustration of a sealed multilateral wellbore section referenced in FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an alternate geothermal well configuration;

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration another alternate embodiment of a geothermal well configuration;

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration another alternate embodiment of a geothermal well configuration;

FIG. 11 is a schematic illustration another alternate embodiment of a geothermal well configuration;

FIG. 12 is a schematic illustration another alternate embodiment of a geothermal well configuration;

FIG. 13 is a top view of FIG. 12;

FIG. 14 is a schematic illustration another alternate embodiment of a geothermal well configuration;

FIG. 15 is a schematic illustration another alternate embodiment of a geothermal well configuration;

FIG. 16 is a cross section of a drilled wellbore within a high permeability formation illustrating the reserve of unreacted sealant;

FIG. 17 is a view similar to FIG. 16 illustrating the transformation of the wellbore interface subsequent to circulatory contact with the working fluid;

FIG. 18 is a schematic cross section illustration of a drilled wellbore in a low permeability formation and the interface with the surrounding formation;

FIG. 19 is a schematic illustration of a power cycle implementation of the geothermal wellbore methodology;

FIG. 20 is a schematic illustration of an alternate embodiment of FIG. 19;

FIG. 22 is a schematic illustration of an integrated geothermal circuit incorporating a turbine and generator directly driven by the geothermal working fluid;

FIG. 23 is a schematic illustration of an alternate embodiment of FIG. 22.

FIG. 24 is a graphical representation of temperature data over distance for different working fluids;

FIG. 25 is a schematic illustration of a W shaped or daisy chain geothermal well configuration;

FIG. 25A is an enlarged view of the interconnecting well formation of FIG. 25.

FIG. 26 is a schematic illustration of alternate embodiment of FIG. 25;

FIG. 27 is a schematic illustration of alternate embodiment of FIG. 25; and

FIG. 28 is a schematic illustration an alternate embodiment of FIG. 25.

Similar numerals used in the Figures denote similar elements.

The technology has applicability in the geothermal technology and remediation of geothermal sites.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In overview, the technology herein relates to wellbore formation and design with examples for closed-loop geothermal wellbores. The design aspect includes:

i). sealing the wellbore while drilling; ii). augment the seal with a chemical treatment subsequent to drilling; and iii). displacing the drilling fluid, post drilling with a circulating working fluid which augments and maintains the seal with self-healing any remaining or generated permeability and maintains wellbore integrity.

The flexibility of the approach allows each of these aspects to be used separately, depending upon the specific geology of the formation, however, they are most effective when integrated and working in concert to create and maintain a closed-loop geothermal system.

The wellbores can be any number of configurations, such as a single U-tube with an inlet/outlet, a U-tube wherein the inlet and outlet well are located on the same surface lease, a “tube-in-tube” configuration which could be vertical, deviated, or horizontal, and include “daisy-chaining” several of these wellbores together, L shaped, etc. These are examples and are not intended to be limiting. Other suitable arrangements will be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

The aspects noted above are particularly effective when used to form multilateral wellbores wherein a plurality of laterals are connected to a vertical well, typically in a U-tube configuration with multiple horizontal laterals connecting a vertical cased inlet well and a vertical cased outlet well. When used in a multilateral configuration several advantages are realized not recognized in the art. These include:

i) The laterals can be initiated, drilled, and completed open hole avoiding the expense and time associated with installing casing: ii) The “open hole” junctions can be created and sealed while drilling in a single step. This avoids complicated mechanical junctions, cement placement, drilling out plugs or metal sections, multiple trips to surface, and in general the complications and expense associated with intricate downhole processes and resulting delay in forward drilling; iii) There is no material reduction in inner diameter which enables unlimited number of laterals to be drilled; iv) There is no reduction in thermal conductivity created by an insulating cement layer or stagnant annulus between steel liner and rock; and v) Enablement to re-enter multilaterals with magnetic ranging equipment to intersect other lateral wellbores and create a closed U-tube wellbore configuration.

In respect of the sealing while drilling aspect, this may be accomplished by including additives within the drilling fluid itself that cause irreversible formation damage and reduce the permeability to zero or negligible levels.

The additives may be biological growth accelerants such as the techniques used in Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery, physical particulates that create an impermeable filter cake, or chemical sealants that react upon contacting and penetrating into the geological formation such as time-set or thermally-set resins and epoxies, gels, and polymers.

Another method for sealing wellbores while drilling is to thermally seal the face of the rock with extremely high temperatures that melt the wellbore wall, for example by using a high temperature plasma or laser-based drilling bit.

The preferred method is to use a chemical sealant, for example an alkali-silicate based drilling fluid with a pH greater than 10.5, that remains liquid within the wellbore, but precipitates into a solid upon contacting and penetrating into the rock. The technical function of the drilling fluid is different in permeable rocks (for example sandstone or fractured basement) relative to impermeable rocks such as hard shales or siltstones. In permeable formations the liquid alkali-silicate drilling fluid penetrates any available flow paths prior to reacting and setting into a solid. The resulting solid precipitate is impregnated and fused into the pore space and natural fractures within the rock itself and creates a fluid impervious barrier between the wellbore and the geological formation.

In contrast, in rocks with near zero permeability such as shale, the function of the drilling fluid is not to seal off permeability—the rock already has none. Instead, the function of the drilling fluid is to provide a mechanical and chemical barrier between the rock and wellbore and to fill in any natural fractures, fissures, or cleave planes. The end result is the same, to create a fluid impervious barrier between the wellbore and the geological formation.

The sealant may also be used to consolidate unconsolidated sands, increase the compressive strength of the rock, and prevent sand production and sloughing.

As is known, soluble silicates contain three components, namely silica, alkali, and water. Silica (silicon dioxide, SiO₂), is the principal constituent of soluble silicates and is stabilized by an alkali. The alkali may be selected from sodium, potassium, or lithium oxide (Na₂O₃, K₂O, or Li₂O) and is responsible for maintaining the solubility of the silica.

Suitable silicates include potassium, sodium and sodium aluminosilicate. These products are available in both liquid and powdered forms. Silicates are desirable for use in this technology since they can undergo distinct types of chemical reactions, namely gelation (drop in pH), which is the self-polymerization or condensation of soluble silicate structures to form a hydrous, amorphous gel structure of silicate. Gelation is brought on by a drop in pH with polymerization beginning to rapidly occur at pH below 10.5.

Another type of reaction the silicates can undergo is precipitation with cations such as calcium. Precipitation of silicate is the cross-linking of silicate molecules by multivalent cations (i.e. Ca⁺², Mg⁺², AI⁺¹, Fe⁺³, etc). These cations are present in the formation water—a drilling fluid to formation fluid interaction therefore results in solid precipitation within the pore space.

A further type of reaction the silicates undergo is dehydration. As water is removed from liquid silicate, the silicate progressively becomes tackier and more viscous and eventually becomes a glassy film. These are the reactions that occur in the near wellbore as filtrate from the drilling fluid mixes with fluids within the rock matrix.

Silicates are especially attractive to this geothermal application since they are a stable sealant at ambient conditions and at extremely high temperatures. For example, alkali-silicate and sand is used at temperatures of 650° C. and above in the foundry and liquid metal casting industry, and this basic chemical reaction is also employed to seal concrete structures at ambient temperature.

The alkali-silicate drilling fluid is formulated to be solids free and low viscosity to maximize wellbore fluid invasion and spurt loss to chemically seal the wellbore. For multilateral horizontal well segments friction is a significant challenge, so a lubricant is added that is compatible with silicate brine and does not materially interfere with the sealant properties.

The concentration of active alkali-silicate can be from 0.3%-10% but more likely from 3%-6% by mass in water. The optimum concentration depends somewhat on the geological properties such as in-situ brine composition and temperature. Higher rock temperatures can cause a delay in the precipitation reaction. Likewise, formations where the in-situ brine has a low concentration of multivalent cations, for example, below 1000 mg/L, cause a slower reaction. Therefore as rock temperature increases and multivalent cation concentration decreases, the concentration of alkali-silicate should be increased.

Ancillary benefits of a silicate brine include an enhanced rate of penetration, (ROP), and increased bit life.

The physical properties of the combined rock/sealant material are largely derived from the rock but can be modified by carefully selecting the properties of the sealant. A thermally conductive additive may be included with the drilling fluid, such as graphene nano particles, so that the resulting sealant has a high thermal conductivity.

The energy output of a closed-loop geothermal system can be determined using a thermodynamic wellbore model consisting of a discretized wellbore with multiple thermal resistances between the fluid temperature and the far-field rock temperature. Each discretized segment has an energy and mass balance performed, where fluid properties and calculations are handled with an equation of state thermodynamics package. The heat transfer resistances include the rock, cement, steel casing, and convective heat transfer resistance within the wellbore itself.

As a quantitative example, using a 7″ cased and cemented well in contact with a geological formation with a thermal conductivity of 3 W/m K, the thermal resistances after 5 years of operation for the rock, cement, casing, and pipe flow convection are, respectively, 2.2E-02, 2.1E-03, 2.9E-05, and 5.0E-5. The heat transfer is dominated by radial conduction through the rock, and all other thermal resistances are negligible in comparison. Using the chemical sealant described herein, there are no resistances to heat transfer from casing or cement, so the thermal efficiency is approximately 9% higher than prior art methodology. By enhancing the thermal conductivity of the bulk rock/sealant material, heat transfer can be increased further.

The alkali-silicate sealant can be further enhanced by incorporating a solid particulate that is formulated to become chemically embedded/bonded within the alkali-silicate precipitate, to improve seal performance and mechanical integrity. Reinforcing materials such as exfoliated fly ash, surface-activated graphene and graphene oxide, carbon fibres, and others may be incorporated into the drilling fluid. These may be in a nano-dispersed or micro-dispersed state and chemically bond with the precipitated silica.

After the initial seal is made while drilling, the integrity of the seal is tested. Typically, this is done by pressurizing the wellbore system and monitoring the rate of depressurization, if any, as is common in the industry. Another method is through long-term measurement of the leak-off rate during circulating operations. In this case, the drilling fluid is removed and replaced with the working fluid whose primary purpose is to transfer energy to surface, and the leak-off rate is measured during regular operations.

While the seal will be substantially complete after drilling, there may be some small areas with minor permeability remaining, such as fractured zones or highly permeable channels that were not sufficiently sealed while drilling. Therefore, the seal can be augmented using a chemical flush or treatment prior to commencing or returning to normal operations.

When employing alkali-silicate drilling fluid as described previously, the drilling fluid reacts with the in-situ formation fluid to gel and eventually solidify into a hard, high strength solid. These reactions happen at the mixing interface between the silicate drilling fluid and the formation fluid. In a high permeability channel or fracture, the drilling fluid may be migrating through the formation so quickly that the formation fluid is displaced away from the wellbore and the mixing interface is pushed substantially into the rock or the formation brine may be extremely fresh causing the silicate to gel but not completely precipitate.

In these scenarios, a partial or substantial seal is achieved deep within the rock, but the near-wellbore region contains “unspent” or unreacted liquid alkali-silicate drilling fluid and no further formation brine with which to react. Therefore, the purpose of the chemical flush is pump a chemical treatment through the wellbore system with sufficient pressure to cause leak-off from the well bore into the near-wellbore formation, contact the unspent liquid alkali-silicate remaining from the drilling process, and initiate the precipitation reaction. Suitable chemicals are calcium chloride brine, acids, CO₂, surfactants, esters, among others known in the industry.

In another embodiment to augmenting the seal, a chemical treatment may be pumped through the wellbore system with sufficient pressure to cause leak-off from the wellbore into the near-wellbore formation, where the chemical treatment consists of “plugs” or volumes of alkali-silicate followed by a reacting chemical consisting of calcium chloride brine, acids, CO₂, surfactants, esters, or others known in the industry. The two chemicals can be alternatively pumped several times resulting in substantial mixing in the near-wellbore region. The volumes of alkali-silicate and reactant may be separated with a spacer to prevent mixing within the wellbore or be in direct contact.

Turning to maintaining the seal arid wellbore integrity during operation, the drilling process, as is commonly employed in the oil, gas, and geothermal industry, requires maintenance of wellbore integrity and a partial wellbore seal (i.e. a filtercake), for a temporary duration until casing is cemented in the hole or a liner is installed. The open hole (prior to installing casing or liner) wellbore integrity and partial seal is created by proper engineering and application of the drilling fluid.

In contrast, the invention disclosed herein requires maintaining an open hole seal and wellbore integrity for the operational life of the geothermal asset which is typically 50 years or more.

In addition to creating the seal while drilling and optionally augmenting the seal with a separate chemical treatment, the operational working fluid itself has a key role in maintaining the seal and maintaining wellbore integrity. The primary function of the working fluid is to transport energy from the subsurface rock to surface where it is directly used or converted into electricity or cooling. Therefore, the working fluid must have key physical properties for energy transfer and to maximize thermodynamic efficiency of the system. For example, the fluid may have at least one property selected from the group comprising:

a) a substantially nonlinear temperature enthalpy relationship within the lateral interconnection section between the inlet well and the outlet well at pressures greater than 10 MPa and temperatures less than 180° C. to maximize the temperature differential and heat transfer between the fluid and the surrounding downhole heat source; b) capable of undergoing a pressure-sensitive reversible reaction which is endothermic at elevated pressure and exothermic at pressure lower than the elevated pressure; c) a fluid mixture containing a chemical absorption reaction which is endothermic within the lateral interconnection; d) an aqueous electrolyte solution with temperature and pressure dependent solubility, resulting in an endothermic effect within the lateral interconnection; e) water-based fluid containing a turbulent drag reducing composition; f) supercritical fluid such as CO₂; g) ammonia-ethane mixture; and h) functional combinations of a) through g)

In addition to maximizing thermodynamic efficiency, the working fluid also has many properties of a drilling fluid, namely to:

i) transport solid particulates that may collect in the wellbore to surface where they are removed, typically with a settling tank, filter, or hydrocyclone; ii) maintain a seal of the wellbore so that it is substantially impermeable to fluids; and iii) maintain wellbore stability and integrity.

In one embodiment, the seal may be maintained by providing solid particulates within the working fluid that form a filter cake along the borehole wall or bridge and plug natural fractures. These particulates may be carbon fibres, mineral fibres, cellulose fibres, silica, fly ash, graphite, graphene, graphene oxide, calcium carbonate, bentonite, or other particulates known in the industry. These solids are typically added at between 0.5 and 2.0 weight % of the working fluid if its water based, and equivalent volume concentration for other working fluids.

When employing alkali-silicate drilling fluid as described previously, the drilling fluid reacts with the in-situ formation fluid to gel and eventually solidify into a hard, high strength solid. These reactions happen at the mixing interface between the silicate drilling fluid and the formation fluid. In a high permeability channel or fracture, the drilling fluid may be migrating through the formation so quickly that the formation fluid is displaced away from the wellbore and the mixing interface is pushed substantially into the rock or the formation brine may be extremely fresh causing the silicate to gel but not completely precipitate. In these scenarios, a partial or substantial seal is achieved deep within the rock, but the near-wellbore region contains “unspent” or unreacted liquid alkali-silicate drilling fluid and no further formation brine with which to react. Therefore, another method to maintain a seal is to include a reactant additive that upon leaking-off from the wellbore into the near-wellbore formation, contacts the unspent liquid alkali-silicate remaining from the drilling process and initiates the precipitation reaction.

By definition, any areas of the wellbore where permeability remains after drilling will have had considerable influx of alkali-silicate and contain unspent liquid alkali-silicate in the near-wellbore formation. Therefore, including a reactant within the working fluid will naturally seal off the remaining permeable sections. Suitable chemicals are calcium chloride brine, acids, CO₂, surfactants, esters, and others known in the industry.

To maintain wellbore stability and integrity, in addition to sealing the rock, the working fluid must exert enough pressure on the formation to provide sufficient compressive strength to prevent breakouts, sloughing, and partial collapse of rock into the wellbore. The pressure that an operational working fluid provides can be calculated using an integrated thermodynamic wellbore model that includes an equation of state to account for phase changes, fluid property changes with pressure and temperature, and hydraulic frictional losses. When designed appropriately, the working fluid must supply the minimum compressive strength across the entire wellbore, either by applying a sufficiently high pressure at the top of the inlet well (pressurized fluid), or by modifying the density of the working fluid. Fluid density can be increased through addition of weighting agents such as barite or through soluble salts, among other techniques known in the industry.

Another method to maintain wellbore stability is to include a shale inhibitor chemical within the working fluid. This chemical has the function of arresting the hydration, swelling and disintegration of clays and shales, and is a common additive in drilling fluids. Suitable additives are amine-based chemicals, latexes, or an aqueous solution of potassium salts, among others known in the industry.

The combination of the above additives and functions results in a working fluid that not only transports energy to surface efficiently, but also reinforces and maintains the wellbore seal, “self-heals” any generated permeability, and maintains wellbore stability and integrity, to preserve a closed-loop geothermal wellbore system that is substantially impermeable to fluids.

Of critical importance is the requirement that the sealant additives do not interfere with the thermodynamic properties of the working fluid. In one embodiment, the working fluid consists of water, a commercially available corrosion inhibitor at between 1 and 10 L/m3, potassium bromide at between 0.05 and 0.3 mol/L, cetyltrimethylammonium surfactant at between 3 and 7 mM, sodium salicylate at between 8 and 16 mM, and calcium carbonate solid particulates at 0.5 weight %.

The solution described above maintains greater than 60% turbulent drag reduction over a temperature range suitable for direct-use geothermal heat supply, which is critical for thermodynamically efficient operation. It also has over 40% recovery when tested according to API RP 13i Procedures for Shale Dispersion by Hot Rolling, reacts with unspent alkali-silicate to form a strong solid material, and the calcium carbonate particles bridge and plug natural fractures and matrix permeability.

In another embodiment, the working fluid itself is simply a modified alkali-silicate brine.

In another embodiment, the working fluid is supercritical CO₂ which is of particular value since in many geothermal scenarios supercritical CO₂ has thermodynamic efficiency superior to water, and it is also an excellent reactant to cause alkali-silicate liquid to solidify into a strong solid material.

The various sealing mechanisms will now be delineated in the following examples.

Example 1—Chemical Sealing

Initial testing of the sealing capabilities of the silicate system was performed in a permeability plugging apparatus.

Permeability Plugging Apparatus Tests:

-   -   20 μm, 3000 mD discs (provided by OFITE) were soaked in a 30%         calcium chloride solution overnight (approximately 16 hours) in         order to fully saturate the pores with the brine and create a         ‘severe case’ in situ fluid for the silicate drilling fluid with         which to react.     -   Permeability plugging tests (PPT) were run in accordance with         OFITE Instruction manual and API RP 13i—Recommended Practice for         Laboratory Testing of Drilling Fluids—250 mL of the test fluids         described below was transferred to the PPT cell and a pre-soaked         disc was placed in the apparatus. The drilling fluid was allowed         to contact the disc for 45 minutes prior to pressurizing the         apparatus and beginning the test     -   The tests were performed for 30 minutes at room temperature and         500 psi     -   Filtrate volume was recorded after 1, 5, 7.5, 15, and 30 minutes

FIG. 2 is a plot of some data that is typical of the test on a ¼″ thick filtration disc. A polymer control fluid was flowed through and there is no material reduction of the filtrate volume. When different types of silicates were added, the filtration rates were slowed drastically as precipitation occurred. Note that the permeability has been nearly eliminated even in a ¼″ thick disk with 3000 mD of permeability.

Fluid Preparation:

-   -   1000 mL of 5 kg/m3 polymer fluid was prepared by mixing xanthan         gum (Kelzan XCD™) into fresh water for approximately 30 minutes         using a Silverson Mixer at moderate shear rate.     -   The control fluid was the polymer fluid above.     -   Formulation A, 30 mL of Ecodrill™ 317, a commercially available         product from PQ Corporation, was combined with 270 mL of the         polymer fluid above to produce a 300 mL portion of 3% active         soluble potassium silicate.     -   Formulation B, 30 mL of Ecodrill™ K45, a commercially available         product from PQ Corporation, was combined with 270 mL of the         polymer fluid above to produce 300 mL portion of 3% (VN) active         soluble silicate.

The total PPT Volume was 273.8 mL for the Formulation A, a spurt loss of 257 mL was calculated, and a Static Filtration Rate of 3.1 mL/min was calculated. The total PPT Volume was 103.8 mL for the Formulation B, a spurt loss of 103.8 mL was calculated, and a Static Filtration Rate of 3.7 mL/min was calculated. Values calculated using formulas expressed in API 13i.

Core flood/regain permeability/core damage studies were also conducted. These types of tests are often used to study the effects of a drilling fluid or drilling fluid additive on the permeability of a core obtained from a target production zone of interest. Usually the object of the study is to minimize the damage or maximize the regain permeability. An initial permeability is established and measured by saturating the core with native brine, oil, or some brine/oil mixture, and flowing the formation fluid(s) through the core at pressure at reservoir pressure and temperature conditions. A test fluid is then injected across the face of the core for a certain period of time the volume of filtrate, invasion of fluid, and thickness of filter cake may be measured. Formation fluids are then injected in the reverse direction of flow to determine the extent to which the permeability may have decreased or even increased after exposure to the test fluid. In this study, the aim was to damage the cores by means of gelation and precipitation reactions of the silicate test fluids with the synthetic brine-saturated cores.

Core flood/regain permeability/core damage studies were carried out as follows:

Berea Sandstone cores with permeability approximately 30 mD were saturated with synthetic brine under vacuum and tested with a 3% solution of potassium silicate and containing 2% of a specialty lubricant.

Test procedures, parameters and results are set forth below.

Procedure:

1) Plugs were weighed and pre-saturated with brine for 1 week under 15 inHg vacuum. 2) Placed in core flow and permeability to brine was measured. 3) Potassium silicate mud was mixed and heated to 95° C. 4) Mud is injected into core at continuous rate of 3 mL/min. 5) Pressure is monitored over time. 6) Differential pressure builds exponentially over time until ˜2500 psi. Breakthrough of fluid is observed. 7) The core does not completely plug off, however ˜99% of permeability is lost. 8) Effluent is collected to determine fluid displacement (depth of invasion).

Parameters:

Instrument: Chandler Formation Response Tester

Core Plug: 1.5″.times.3.0″ Sandstone

Temperature: 95° C.

Test Fluid: Potassium silicate at 3% with 2% lubricant

Pore Volume: 16.78

Initial Permeability: 28.32 mD to brine Permeability after mud treatment: 0.197 mD

Permeability Reduction: >99%

Flow rate: 3 mL/min

Brine Composition: NaCl-230.303 g CaCl₂)-79.054 g KCl-8.346 g MgCl₂-13.79 g

Shale dispersion testing was then executed to determine the ability of alkali-silicate solutions with lubricant to seal and provide mechanical integrity to shale samples. The methodology is according to API RP 13i Procedures for Shale Dispersion by Hot Rolling as follows:

an approximately 2 kg piece of Pierre Shale was crushed to yield approximately 900 g of −5/+10 Mesh (2-4 mm) pieces. Pierre Shale is much more reactive and susceptible to water than the mature, hard shale formations typically present at the depths suitable for geothermal. It was chosen as a conservative baseline, actual performance with mature shales will be better.

-   -   The −5/+10 mesh pieces were sieved using ASTM sieves and a         Ro-Tap sieve shaker for 2 minutes     -   Approximately 10 g of shale was placed in 250 mL of test fluid     -   The samples were rolled for 24 hours at 120° C.     -   The samples were then poured into a 20 mesh screen after rolling     -   Aging cells were rinsed with inhibited fluid (7% KCl) to         dislodge any material adhering to the inside walls     -   The total amount of material recovered on a 20 mesh was dried to         a constant mass at 100 C in an oven     -   Each sample was then re-sieved and the mass of the −5/+10         fraction was recorded

Results for several different fluid formulations are presented below.

Total Recovered Initial Mass Recovered Mass (g, −5/+10 Mass (g, −5/+10 % Re- No Sample mesh) (g) mesh) covery 1 Water 10.025 2.027 0.113 1.1 2 3% (v/v) Potassium 10.041 9.895 9.799 97.6 Silicate 3 3% (v/v) Potassium 10.007 10.164 9.657 96.5 Silicate + 2% Lubricant 4 Mineral Oil 10.011 9.251 8.501 84.9 5 7% KCI 10.054 9.015 7.307 72.7 6 10 L/m³ Amine 10.002 6.961 5.759 57.6 7 Working Fluid 10.175 7.102 4.514 44.4 Composition

Recovery of over 9700 is achieved, indicating excellent sealing and strengthening of the shale. Mineral oil has no reactivity with shale, yet only recovered ˜85% of the mass. The loss of mass is due to mechanical degradation during rolling. Therefore, the high 9700 recovery indicates that not only is a chemical seal form, but a mechanical hardness improvement is also realized. The working fluid with shale inhibitor added also has a 44% recovery which is substantially improved from fresh water which has only a 1% recovery.

Example 2

A working fluid was tested consisting of water, a commercially available corrosion inhibitor, potassium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium surfactant, sodium salicylate, and calcium carbonate solid particulates at 0.5 weight %.

Measurement of pressure drop (i.e., drag) and characterization of the turbulent flow was tested using a 2″200 L capacity heated flow. The loop is equipped with a centrifugal (GIW, LCC-M 50-230) and a progressive cavity (Moyno™, 2F090) pump with high and low shear, respectively. The maximum Re number reaches 500,000 and the loop can operate with 15% volumetric concentration of solid. Pressure drop was calibrated with fresh water and compared to frictional pressure drop at the same flow rate using the working fluid. A turbulent drag reduction of 63% was achieved over a temperature range suitable for direct use heat applications.

To test reactivity with unspent alkali-silicate in the near-wellbore, Ecodrill™ 317, a 29.1% active solution of 2.5 ratio SiO₂:K₂O was mixed into samples of the working fluid. NaOH was used to adjust to a pH of 11-12, and the alkali-silicate solution was injected into samples of the working fluid under gentle agitation to produce a 3% (v/v) and 1% (v/v) solution. These low concentrations were chosen to conservatively represent the near-wellbore unspent alkali-silicate drilling fluid. In each case the addition of the silicate solution into the working fluid caused precipitation, and after 24 hours the silicate was solidified. The results demonstrate the working fluid will reinforce and augment the wellbore seal so that it is substantially impermeable to fluids.

To assess the ability of the working fluid to maintain wellbore integrity and stability, a modified shale dispersion test was performed. The test methodology involves 2 shale dispersion runs back-to-back with the same sample. First, the sample is hot rolled in the sealant, as described above, then re-soaked in the working fluid to determine shale mechanical strength and chemical isolation after sealing. After the initial shale dispersion run with the drilling fluid sealant, the samples are dried, weighed, and immersed in the working fluid chemistry and rolled for 24 hours.

The samples were then poured into a 20 mesh screen after rolling, and the total amount of material recovered on a 20 mesh was dried to a constant mass at 100 C in an oven. Each sample was then re-sieved and the mass of the −5/+10 fraction was recorded and compared to the mass of the sample after sealed and dried. Interestingly, the results from multiple runs showed over 96% recovery of mass, indicating excellent ability of the working fluid to maintain wellbore integrity.

Example 3—Mechanical Method

In one embodiment, the mechanism may be effected by adding solid particles to the drilling fluid which migrate naturally into the pore space/fractures to reduce permeability. This is generally known as loss circulation material (LCM)

The solid particles may be granular materials, fibrous materials and flaked materials and combinations of these and be present (dispersed through drilling fluid) in sizes necessary to reduce permeability. Suitable sizes may be nanometer to millimeter size.

Abrams' rule and/or Ideal Packing Theory concepts are useful to establish the most suitable materials. Abrams' rule proposes particle size of the bridging agent should be equal to or slightly greater than ⅓ the medium pore throat size of t targeted form ion.

The ideal packing theory proposes a full range of particle size distribution to effectively seal all voids, including those created by bridging agents.

Particles may also be sized to penetrate into the pore space before bridging.

Additionally, drill cuttings can augment the LCM and serve as plugging material

Any of these LCM products could be utilized remediating wellbore leaks after the drilling process is completed. Further viscous sweeps with LCM may be pumped at reduced rate through the open hole section to allow invasion of the LCM and seal any leaks.

Finally, solid silicates (possibly encapsulated) may also provide an effective chemical/mechanical combination mechanism for sealing the reservoir.

Example 4—Biological Method

Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery (MEOR) is an engineering field which manages the design, growth, and stimulation of microorganisms to increase oil recovery. Most deep geological formations contain anaerobic bacteria within the pore space. These bacteria have a very low supply of energy and nutrients compared to near-surface microbes, and thus have low population densities.

One MEOR technique is to treat the indigenous microbes with nutrients to spur their growth and eventual plugging of the rock porosity with biological material. The nutrients may be any chemistry but typically include potassium nitrate and monosodium phosphate. As bacteria growth is exponential, if supplied with sufficient raw materials and suitable conditions, bacteria can be induced to grow and completely plug off the pore space in which they reside, causing the rock to be substantially impermeable to fluids.

Another technique is to introduce new microbes to the rock formation and simultaneously supplying them with nutrients. These microbes may be engineered to grow only at a certain temperature and so can be activated by injecting into a hot formation.

Either technique can be applied to a conventional drilling fluid, causing the rock to be substantially impermeable to fluids, and form a closed-loop geothermal system.

Example 5—Thermal Method

Geological formations have varying chemistry and thus, varying melting points, although most sedimentary formations melt at 1200° C. or below. Several technologies are in the research, development, and testing phase which can penetrate through rock using thermal disintegration rather than mechanical contact.

One method is to create a plasma either through electric current or nuclear power. The plasma melts the rock and enable continuous drilling.

Another method is to fire lasers onto the surface of the rock, increasing the temperature until the rock begins to spall, disintegrate, and eventually melt.

Another method is to fire high velocity projectiles which release enough energy on impact to increase temperature by hundreds of degrees.

Each of these techniques have the ability to melt porous and permeable rock while drilling, which can then be cooled and annealed to form a hard, durable barrier substantially impermeable to fluids.

Having discussed the method details of the technology, reference will now be made to specific implementations with reference to the figures.

Referring now to FIG. 1, shown is a graphical representation of filtrate volume as a function of the square root of time for different formulations.

FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of differential pressure and permeability data as a function of time for the chemical sealing core flood test delineated in Example 1.

FIG. 3 is cross section of a well having an inlet well 10 having surface casing 12 for groundwater protection. Intermediate casing 14 is cemented into position as illustrated. All of these components are known in the art. Extending from intermediate casing 14 is the lateral section 16 which does not include casing in this example, but rather is the open sealed wellbore. Pore space surrounding the lateral section 16 is sealed with sealant as described herein previously. The sealed pore space is referenced by numeral 18, the sealed lateral section is continuous to intermediate casing 14. The latter casing then continuously connects with outlet well 20. The outlet well is completed with casing 12.

FIG. 4 illustrates an alternate scenario. In this example, the lateral section 16 may be intermittently sealed resulting in unsealed rock face 22. In this situation, a casing 24 is shown as a liner, meaning lacking cementing. The liner 22 thus ameliorates the unsealed rock face and maintains a continuous circuit from the inlet 10 to the outlet 20. This may be used in conjunction with continuously sealed sections. This will depend upon the specific geology of the formation.

In respect of the sealed areas in porous or fractured rock, the sealant is not fused with the rock face, but rather is embedded within the rock in the chemical example discussed supra. Generally, FIGS. 2 and 3 depict hard rock.

Referring now to FIG. 5, shown is an example where the well is disposed within a less permeable section within a formation, an example of which is a sedimentary shale or mudstone section. In this scenario, the formation may have infrequent fissures, fractures, cleave planes etc. generally denoted by numeral 26. A chemical liner 28 may be employed to complete the continuity between the inlet 10 and the outlet 20 with the chemical liner composition 28 filling the fissures, fractures and cleave planes as shown.

Turning to FIG. 6, a first example of a well configuration is shown. In the example, each of the inlet 10 and outlet 20 include conventional cased sections 30 which communicate with the inlet 32 and outlet 34 of a multiple lateral well system 36. The system is disposed within a geothermal formation 38. The system 36 includes a plurality of lateral wells 16, which may be partially cased depending upon the situation as outlined with respect to FIGS. 3 and 4. Any number of well systems 36 may be employed in the formation 38. This is represented by numeral 6 n vertically and horizontally, with the “n” being indicative of any number of further wells in the shape of the system 36 or any other suitable configuration.

The inlet 32 and outlet 34 are integrated with the cased sections 30 in a multilateral junction which will now be referenced in the advancing Figures.

FIG. 7 illustrates one possible multilateral arrangement. Inlet 32 connects with a sealed multilateral wellbore junction 40 from which the lateral sections 16 continuously extend. The lateral sections 16 are spaced apart from one another to maximize thermal recovery from within the formation 38 (FIG. 6). The lateral sections 16 may include casing as discussed with respect to FIGS. 3 through 5. The outlet 34 of the system 36 will include a similar junction 40 (not shown).

Turning to FIG. 8, an L-shaped well configuration is shown, generally denoted by numeral 42. In this example, the well has an extending section 44 having a terminal end 46 open hole wellbore sealed as with previous examples. An insulated tube 48, extends within the well for fluid delivery. The extending section 44 may be at any selected angle.

FIG. 9 illustrates a vertical orientation example.

In FIG. 10, a W-shaped well is provided represented by numeral 50. The surface is denoted by numeral 52. In this example, output from one well becomes the input of the other well. Flow direction is shown with the arrows. The pattern can be repeated for additional cycles. In this example, the open hole wellbores 16 are sealed as discussed with the previous figures and may incorporate alternating patterns of cased sections with simply sealed wellbore sections. This will depend on the formation geology.

FIG. 11 illustrates a further variation of a multilateral system similar to that initially referenced in FIG. 3, which combines the inlet and outlet conduits into a single wellbore, the disposition of the multilateral section may be at any angle within a formation. In this example, the lateral sections 16 converge at terminal end 54.

FIG. 12 is a side view of a single site arrangement 56 where the inlet well 10 and outlet well 20 are generally proximate. The fluid circuit is shown for the lateral sections 16. As with the previous examples, the open hole well bores are sealed while drilling is conducted with the surrounding pore space sealed during the procedure. The numeral 12 n carries the same meaning as that ascribed to 6 n referenced in FIG. 6.

A further variation is illustrated in FIG. 13. A top view is shown of a multiple lateral well arrangement. The individual wells 16 of the plurality shown, share a common inlet well 10, extend out within the geothermal zone of the formation (not shown in this Figure) and return in a closed circuit to a common outlet well 20. Flow direction is shown with arrows, and flow can be isolated to each individual loop or daisy chain among the separate loops. This is advantageous for a small footprint while allowing for maximum thermal mining within a geothermal zone.

FIG. 14 depicts a further variation where there are plural well arrangements provided while maintaining the small footprint attributed to the embodiment of FIG. 13.

FIG. 15 incorporates the multilateral well system 50 in combination with the well configuration initially presented in FIG. 13. In this configuration, two discrete single sites 56 can span a large area with minimal surface invasiveness to mine a large underground geothermal area. Flow direction is shown with arrows, and flow can be isolated to each individual loop or daisy chain among the separate loops. The effectiveness of the sealing technology discussed herein permits the flexibility to provide for such hybrid configurations. This, in turn, allows for thermal mining in a wide variety of geologic situations allowing for yet another degree of freedom in practicing the methods herein.

In more focused detail, FIG. 16 illustrates a cross section of a drilled wellbore, also referenced herein as a lateral section 16. The geothermal formation 38 in this example is a high permeability formation. Due to the permeability, the sealant spreads out within the pore space in the formation and immediately proximate the wellbore 16 remains unreacted, referenced by numeral 60. Outwardly from the unreacted sealant area is pore space sealed with sealant which, as in the previous examples, is denoted by numeral 18.

FIG. 17 illustrates the result of exposing the wellbore from FIG. 16 to working fluid. Subsequent to this treatment, the formation area surrounding the wellbore becomes sealed forming an impervious interface between the interior volume of the wellbore itself and the formation surrounding it. This is particularly advantageous since the sealed wellbore 16 is surrounded by a reserve of unreacted sealant 60. In the event of wellbore seal compromise from seismic activity or other deleterious activity, the wellbore can sustain its integrity and sealing capacity by self healing with the reaction between the reserve of available reactant and the working fluid. This clearly has very significant advantages in terms of reducing operating and maintenance costs over time which, of course, greatly mitigates the initial capital expenditure associated with initially synthesizing the well system.

In respect of rock with low or average permeability, an example of which is granite, mudstone, or shale, the pore space, fractures, fissures, cleave planes etc. may be filled with sealant about the periphery of the wellbore 16 to form an impervious interface in a single step without requiring reactive working fluid or further treatment. Accordingly, it will be realized that geological permeability does not present any geothermal heat mining issues considering the scope of the methods discussed herein.

As ancillary benefit, the technology can extend into the remediation and retrofit realms. One of the foundations of the technology herein is an environmentally friendly solution to energy creation in the geothermal field which circumvents fracturing necessitating unappealing fluid handling. A second foundation is that the technology provides a truly closed loop system as opposed to that which has been improperly characterized in the prior art as closed loop.

Since the technology allows for a highly effective sealing protocol with the enumerated geothermal recovery benefits, it has been found that the technology can be applied to remediating ineffective, unused or otherwise inoperable geothermal wells. These wells may be unusable or inoperable due to any number of issues such as low flow rates, ineffective fractures, unconsolidated formations and consequent sand production problems, excessive corrosion from the brine, or due leaching problems, among others. Accordingly, where retrofit to a new non tacking geothermal arrangement as discussed herein is not possible, the inoperable site will be abandoned by removal of unnecessary casing and ancillary components, or where possible remediated with expensive and environmentally contentious operations such as fracking or potentially by redrilling entire wells. In light of the fact that permeability degree is not an issue, the sealing technology presents an attractive remediation benefit.

Regarding conversion or retrofit of existing geothermal wells, the pre-existence of the wells, allows for the technology to be deployed with significant economic advantages, eliminates the need for fracturing fluid management, induced seismicity, and environmental risks, and renders a retrofit site, previously widely recognized as an environmental unfriendly energy source, as a green energy platform from which to further build.

In terms of additional implementations of the technology scope, reference will now be made to the advancing figures.

In FIG. 19, the well loop 64 comprises a closed loop system having an inlet well 10 and an outlet well 20, disposed within a geological formation, which may be, for example, a geothermal formation, low permeability formation, sedimentary formation, volcanic formation or “basement” formation which is more appropriately described as crystalline rock occurring beneath the sedimentary basin (none being shown).

The well loop 64 and power cycle 66 are in thermal contact by heat exchanger 68 which recovers heat from the working fluid circulating in the loop 64 in the formation which is subsequently used to generate power with generator 70 in cycle 66. As an example, the temperature of the formation may be in the range of between 80° C. and 150° C.

In the arrangement illustrated, two distinct working fluids are used. Further detail concerning the fluids will be discussed herein after. Modifying the working fluid used within the well loop operation of the system is possible at low temperatures.

As such, currently available power generation modules usually limit the input temperature of the power cycle working fluid to above 0° C. in the primary heat exchanger. A higher turbine pressure ratio is enabled by dropping the working fluid temperature below zero. However, conventional geothermal projects are limited by potential freezing of the geothermal fluid on the other side of the heat exchanger.

These limitations in present technology are traversed by implementing a segregated power cycle system in combination with a closed loop well.

The fluids may be modified with additives to prevent freezing at subzero ° C. temperatures. Suitable additives include, anti-scaling agents, anti-corrosion agents, friction reducers, and anti-freezing chemicals, refrigerants, biocides, hydrocarbons, alcohols, organic fluids and combinations thereof.

A substantial benefit of the tailored well-loop working fluid in combination with the segregated power cycle is that it is unaffected by very cold ambient temperatures and thus facilitates use of any generic power cycle (including ORC, Kalina, carbon carrier cycle, CTPC) to be used to increase higher net power production when used in conjunction with a well loop as set forth in FIG. 19. In this arrangement heat is transferred from the first working fluid to the second working fluid when the temperature of the second working fluid is at zero ° C. or subzero ° C.

Optional arrangements with the segregated circuit are illustrated in FIGS. 20 and 21.

FIG. 20 illustrates a segregated circuit incorporating a well loop 12 in thermal contact with two distinct heat exchangers 18 each with its own power generator 22 forming a parallel arrangement. Similarly, FIG. 21, illustrates a serial arrangement.

The integrated well loop power cycle is a closed loop system in which the selected working fluid is circulated within the well loop and then flows into a turbine on surface as shown in FIG. 22. Numeral 72 denotes the overall process schematic. In this process, a single-fluid is used rather than having a discreet well loop fluid and a secondary power cycle working fluid. The working fluid in this closed loop cycle can operate either as a transcritical cycle, whereby the fluid is supercritical at the upper working pressure and subcritical at the lower working pressure, or as an entirely supercritical cycle whereby the fluid remains supercritical at the lower working pressure.

As is known, a transcritical cycle is a thermodynamic cycle where the working fluid goes through both the subcritical and supercritical states. The apparatus further includes a cooling device, shown in the examples as an aerial cooler 74 and turbine 76 with generator 78. The aerial cooler 74 is used to cool he working fluid to a temperature between 1° C. and 15° C. above ambient temperature. It is also to be noted that the working fluid can be cooled to a subzero ° C. temperature. Reference to FIG. 24 delineates performance data.

The driving mechanism in this integrated cycle is a very strong thermosiphon which arises due to the density difference between the inlet vertical well 10 and the outlet vertical well 20. The fluid is in a supercritical liquid state in the inlet well 10, heats up as it travels along the lateral interconnecting sections 80 and exits in a supercritical state in the outlet well 20, which creates significant pressure.

The thermosiphon effect can completely eliminate the need for a surface pump under normal operating conditions except during start-up. Advantageously, this eliminates the power required to operate the pump and increase the net electrical power output.

Working in concert with the well loop circuit is the use of customized fluids and mixtures tailored to the wellbore layout, depth, length, and ambient temperature. The prior art only discusses the use of carbon dioxide or pure hydrocarbon fluids. With a closed-loop system such as that discussed herein, the initial cost and complexity of a fluid mixtures is only a minor factor in the overall economics. So other fluids can be used such as a fluid having at least one property selected from the group comprising:

a working fluid for use in recovering thermal energy from a geothermal well having an inlet well, an outlet well and an interconnecting well segment therebetween, said working fluid has at least one property selected from the group comprising: a) a substantially nonlinear temperature enthalpy relationship within the interconnecting segment at pressures greater than 10 MPa and temperatures less than 180° C. to maximize the temperature differential arid heat transfer between the fluid and the surrounding downhole heat source; b) capable of undergoing a pressure-sensitive reversible reaction which is endothermic at elevated pressure and exothermic at pressure lower than the elevated pressure; c) a fluid mixture containing a chemical absorption reaction which is endothermic within the interconnecting/lateral section; d) an aqueous electrolyte solution with temperature and pressure dependent solubility, resulting in an endothermic effect within the interconnecting/lateral section; e) water-based fluid containing a turbulent drag friction reducing composition that does not degrade when exposed to high shear; f) supercritical fluid; g) ammonia-ethane mixture; h) functional combinations of a) through g)

It has been found that fluids that exhibit a substantially non-linear temperature-enthalpy relationship within the lateral portion of the well loop and/or that exhibit a pressure-sensitive reversible reaction which is endothermic at elevated pressure and exothermic at pressure lower than the elevated pressure can increase power generation considerably. This develops because the average temperature differential between the far-field rock temperature and the circulating fluid temperature is increased, driving increased heat transfer from the geologic formation.

An example of this type of fluid for use in a segregated configuration is an aqueous precipitate/electrolyte solution with temperature-dependent solubility, wherein the water is super saturated at the top of the inlet well. The solid particles are held in suspension with an anti-scaling agent (anti-flocculation agent) and with turbulent flow (similar to a drilling mud). In the lateral sections, the temperature is increasing, hence the solubility of the solids held in suspension is also increasing. This allows the solution to endothermically absorb heat from the rock (basically increases the effective heat capacity of the fluid) as the solid particles dissolve into the water. In the heat exchanger to the segregated heat-to-power cycle, temperature is decreasing, so the solid substance is precipitating exothermically.

Useful fluids include aqueous solutions with the following solutes as examples: Ammonium acetate, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium formate, ammonium nitrate, potassium bromide, potassium chloride, potassium formate, potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium nitrate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate and monosodium phosphate.

To use a single turbine and have adequate efficiency over an entire range of ambient conditions is problematic. It has been found that use of two or more turbines in series or parallel which are optimized for different ambient conditions addresses the problem. During periods of colder temperatures, control logic (not shown) automatically shifts the working fluid to the appropriate turbine to maintain high efficiency throughout the year.

Referring now to FIGS. 25 and 25A, shown is a schematic illustration of a daisy chain of wells, globally denoted by numeral 82. In this embodiment, each surface location, generally denoted by numeral 84, includes an injection well 86 connected to a lateral well conduit or interconnecting segment 88 and production well 90. In this manner, the continuous well structure subscribes to a generally U shaped structure. The lateral well segment may comprise a well system 36, as discussed in FIG. 3 or any of the other configurations discussed previously.

As illustrated, each location 84 is discrete and linked to proximal locations in an elegant and advantageous manner. As an example, the distance between locations may be 3,500 meters to 6000 meters. This will, of course, vary from one situation to another.

In operation, working fluid is circulated in the injection well 86 of one location 84, optionally processed through, for example, a power generation apparatus (not shown) to recover the heat energy and subsequently passed as an output stream to be an inlet feed stream for a injection well 86 of a proximal location 84. The chain line 92 illustrates this relay or daisy chain sequencing. Since not all of the heat is recovered, the inlet feed stream for well 86 of a proximal location is preheated for injection into lateral conduit 88. The process then resets for repetition in the next location 84.

Turning now to FIG. 26, shown is a further embodiment of the invention for example, a 8,000 kW to 12,000 kW system. In this example, individual loops may be joined at a centralized location 94 in order to centralize the power generation apparatus (not shown) for increased power and efficiency.

FIGS. 27 and 28 illustrate smaller scale operations, 4,000 kW-6,000 kW (FIG. 27) and 2,000 kW-3,000 kW (FIG. 26).

One of the significant features of employing the daisy chain implementation is the lack of a requirement for a near surface return conduit. When required, as in conventional well loop arrangements, capital costs exceed 10% of the total project capital, there may be a need to negotiate rights of way and a ˜3° C. heat loss and a pressure loss results causing lower efficiency.

By contrast, the daisy chaining, since well loops are linked front to back, eliminates the need for a near surface return conduit. Further, the paired loops act as the return conduit for each other with the pair using waste heat as an input to create the preheated stream supra.

Other advantages include increased power production with no surface disruption (footprint) since everything is subsurface and reduced distance between locations 84. This commensurately reduces cost if shorter conduit 88 can be used owing to the increased temperature of the preheated feed stream design.

The wells in the examples are formed by employing the sealing while drilling methodology described. It will be understood that any combination of well configurations can be incorporated in the daisy type arrangement. Further, any combination of destructive techniques may be used to form the wellbores in the daisy example as well as any of the other configurations shown in all of the Figures. In some Figures, reference to an “n” designation is included together with the Figure number. An example is FIG. 6 having an area denoted 6 n. This is to represent that any number, thus n, of additional wells may be stacked vertically or positioned in a parallel relationship or both with the one shown. The well type may be different or the same for the additional wells.

As enumerated by the examples, the technology set forth herein is predicated on the ability to form a geothermal formation, regardless of permeability, into an energy efficient wellbore for maximum conductivity. This capability, when coupled with highly effective working fluids, results in remarkable methodology.

Fluid circulation within the wells can occur in any pattern and direction that facilitates efficiency. This will be partly dictated by the nature of the formation and will determined and appreciated by those skilled in the art. 

1. A method for drilling a wellbore into a formation suitable for geothermal heat recovery, comprising: inducing irreversible formation damage to said wellbore while drilling said wellbore using at least one of a thermal mechanism, mechanical mechanism, chemical mechanism and biological mechanism; and forming an interface between said wellbore and said formation substantially impermeable to fluids. 2-48. (canceled) 